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Profil Kimia dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi Aktif Nannochloropsis sp. sebagai Senyawa Penghambat Bakteri Penyebab Gangguan Kesehatan Mulut
Abstract
Abstrak
Salah satu penyebab masalah kesehatan mulut adalah bakteri. Mikroalga jenis Nannochloropsis sp. diketahui memiliki senyawa kimia yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri seperti asam lemak dan fenol. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi senyawa yang terkandung dalam Nannochloropsis sp. yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri yang menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan mulut, dalam hal ini bau mulut dan plak gigi. Bakteri yang digunakan pada uji ini adalah Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, dan Porphyromonas gingivalis. Selanjutnya profil kimia fraksi aktifnya dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi gas spektrometri massa (KG-SM). Biomassa Nannochloropsis sp. dimaserasi secara berturut-turut menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol. Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak diuji dengan metode difusi menggunakan kertas cakram. Selanjutnya, ekstrak etanol yang paling aktif difraksinasi menggunakan kolom silika G60 dengan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol. Hasil fraksinasi (fraksi A dan B) kemudian diuji aktivitas antibakterinya. Fraksi A diketahui lebih aktif dibanding fraksi B, dengan diameter zona hambat fraksi A 15,5 mm (terhadap S. mutans); 16,8 mm (S. sanguinis) dan 16,1 mm (P. gingivalis) pada konsentrasi ekstrak 10 mg/mL dan dikatagorikan mempunyai respon hambatan pertumbuhan bakteri yang kuat. Hasil identifikasi fraksi A menggunakan KG-SM dibandingkan dengan spektra fragmentasi database WILEY 10N.14 dan diperoleh sepuluh senyawa dengan tingkat kemiripan ≥ 90%. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut diduga berperan dalam aktivitas antibakteri. Oleh karena itu, fraksi A dari ekstrak etanol Nannochloropsis sp. berpotensi sebagai bahan untuk formulasi obat kumur pencegah bau mulut dan plak gigi.
Abstract
One of the causes of oral health problems is bacteria contamination. The microalgae of Nannochloropsis sp., contains chemical compounds that can inhibit bacterial growth, such as fatty acids and phenols. The objective of the study is to determine the potential compounds of Nannochloropsis sp., which can inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause bad breath (halitosis) and dental plaque. The bacteria used in this test were Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Futhermore, chemical profiles of the active fractions were determined using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The biomass of Nannochloropsis sp. was macerated successively using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents. The extract was tested for its antibacterial activity by diffusion method using disc paper. The most active ethanol extract was fractionated using a silica G60 column with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The results of the fractionation (A and B fractions) were tested for their antibacterial activity. The A fraction was more active than the B fraction with the inhibition zone diameters of the A fraction were 15.5 mm (against S. mutans), 16.8 mm (S. sanguinis), and 16.1 mm (P. gingivalis) at extract concentration of 10 mg/mL and categorized as a strong bacterial growth inhibition response. The A fraction was identified using GC-MS and compared with the fragmentation spectra based on the WILEY 10N.14 database. The identification obtained ten compounds with > 90% similarity. These compounds were thought to play a role in the antibacterial activity. Therefore, the A fraction of ethanol extract from Nannochloropsis sp. can potentially be used in mouthwash formulation to prevent halitosis and dental plaque.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jpbkp.v17i1.781
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